The main aim of this study is to analyse the conditions of female prisoners and their children incarcerated in the prisons of Assam. For that purpose, data obtained from survey of six prisons in Assam, are used. It also includes studying the international and national laws dedicated to the protection and welfare of female inmates and their children. Prisons in Assam are regulated by the “Assam Jail Manual”. The Manual comprises of two volumes: “Volume I” includes “Prisons Act of 1894” and the corresponding guidelines that were established, and “Volume II” contains appendices, forms, registers, returns, and other related materials. Besides, there is the “Model Prison Manual, 2016” that aims at reformation and rehabilitation of prisoners. These Indian laws enforce the international obligations bestowed upon them by the international instruments.